.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "examples/gallery/sequence/residue_coevolution.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_examples_gallery_sequence_residue_coevolution.py: Mutual information as measure for coevolution of residues ========================================================= Mutual information (MI) is a broadly used measure for the coevolution between two residues of a sequence :footcite:`Martin2005` originated in information theory. Basically, the mutual information is a statement about how much knowledge one already has about a distribution :math:`Y`, knowing another distribution :math:`X`: .. math:: MI(X;Y) = \sum_{x \in X} \sum_{y \in Y} P_{X,Y}(x,y) \cdot \log_2 \frac{P_{X,Y}(x,y)}{P_{X}(x) P_{Y}(y)} In the context of a protein the amino acid sequence is aligned to multiple homologous sequences. The distribution is the distribution of amino acids in a alignment column. When mutations in one column are often associated with certain mutations in another alignment column, the MI between these two positions is high. This indicates that these two sequence positions might have evolved together (coevolution). In order to suppress randomly high or low MI due to general conservation in an alignment column, the MI of the given alignment is compared to variants of this alignment, where each alignment column is randomly shuffled. The results are aggregated into a Z-score: .. math:: Z_{MI} = \frac{ MI - \mu(MI_{\textrm{shuffle}}) } { \sigma(MI_{\textrm{shuffle}}) } This example demonstrates this method on the example of the C-Myb DNA-binding domain (C-Myb R1) (PDB: 1GUU). At first, sequences of homologous proteins are searched in the curated *SwissProt* database via *NCBI BLAST*. Afterwards these sequences are aligned with *Clustal Omega*. .. footbibliography:: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 41-105 .. code-block:: Python # Code source: Patrick Kunzmann # License: BSD 3 clause import warnings import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.colors as colors import biotite import biotite.structure as struc import biotite.structure.io.pdbx as pdbx import biotite.sequence.align as align import biotite.sequence.graphics as graphics import biotite.application.blast as blast import biotite.application.clustalo as clustalo import biotite.database.rcsb as rcsb # Get structure and sequence pdbx_file = pdbx.CIFFile.read(rcsb.fetch("1GUU", "mmcif")) sequence = pdbx.get_sequence(pdbx_file)[0] # 'use_author_fields' is set to false, # to ensure that values in the 'res_id' annotation point to the sequence structure = pdbx.get_structure(pdbx_file, model=1, use_author_fields=False) structure = structure[struc.filter_amino_acids(structure)] # Identity threshold for a sequence to be counted as homologous sequence IDENTITY_THESHOLD = 0.4 # Find homologous proteins in SwissProt via BLAST app = blast.BlastWebApp("blastp", sequence, database="swissprot") app.start() app.join() alignments = app.get_alignments() hit_seqs = [sequence] hit_ids = ["Query"] hit_starts = [1] for ali in alignments: identity = align.get_sequence_identity(ali) # Do not include the exact same sequence -> identity < 1.0 if identity > IDENTITY_THESHOLD and identity < 1.0: hit_seqs.append(ali.sequences[1]) hit_ids.append(ali.hit_id) hit_starts.append(ali.hit_interval[0]) # Perform MSA alignment = clustalo.ClustalOmegaApp.align(hit_seqs) # Plot MSA number_functions = [] for start in hit_starts: def some_func(x, start=start): return x + start number_functions.append(some_func) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8.0, 8.0)) ax = fig.gca() graphics.plot_alignment_type_based( ax, alignment, symbols_per_line=len(alignment), labels=hit_ids, symbol_size=8, number_size=8, label_size=8, show_numbers=True, number_functions=number_functions, color_scheme="flower" ) ax.set_title("C-Myb R1-like sequences") fig.tight_layout() .. image-sg:: /examples/gallery/sequence/images/sphx_glr_residue_coevolution_001.png :alt: C-Myb R1-like sequences :srcset: /examples/gallery/sequence/images/sphx_glr_residue_coevolution_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 106-113 Now the MI is calculated from the multiple sequence alignment and from column-shuffled variants of it to obtain the MI-Z-score. As the residue coevolution in C-Myb should be examined, only alignment columns that have no gap in C-Myb are considered. Finally, the MI-Z-score matrix is plotted. High values indicate that the residues at the respective two positions have coevolved. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 113-198 .. code-block:: Python def mutual_information_zscore(alignment, n_shuffle=100): codes = align.get_codes(alignment).T alph = alignment.sequences[0].alphabet mi = _mutual_information(codes, alph) np.random.seed(0) random_mi = [None] * n_shuffle for i in range(n_shuffle): shuffled_codes = _shuffle(codes) random_mi[i] = _mutual_information(shuffled_codes, alph) random_mi = np.stack(random_mi) mean = np.mean(random_mi, axis=0) std = np.std(random_mi, axis=0) z_score = (mi - mean) / std return z_score def _shuffle(codes): shuffled_codes = codes.copy() # Shuffle each alignment column for i in range(len(shuffled_codes)): np.random.shuffle(shuffled_codes[i]) return shuffled_codes def _mutual_information(codes, alph): mi = np.zeros((len(alignment), len(alignment))) # Iterate over all columns to choose first column for i in range(codes.shape[0]): # Iterate over all columns to choose second column for j in range(codes.shape[0]): nrows = 0 marginal_counts_i = np.zeros(len(alph), dtype=int) marginal_counts_j = np.zeros(len(alph), dtype=int) combined_counts = np.zeros((len(alph), len(alph)), dtype=int) # Iterate over all symbols in both columns for k in range(codes.shape[1]): # Skip rows where either column has a gap if codes[i,k] != -1 and codes[j,k] != -1: marginal_counts_i[codes[i,k]] += 1 marginal_counts_j[codes[j,k]] += 1 combined_counts[codes[i,k], codes[j,k]] += 1 nrows += 1 marginal_probs_i = marginal_counts_i / nrows marginal_probs_j = marginal_counts_j / nrows combined_probs = combined_counts / nrows with warnings.catch_warnings(): warnings.simplefilter("ignore") mi_before_sum = ( combined_probs * np.log2( combined_probs / ( marginal_probs_i[:, np.newaxis] * marginal_probs_j[np.newaxis, :] ) ) ).flatten() mi[i,j] = np.sum(mi_before_sum[~np.isnan(mi_before_sum)]) return mi # Remove alignment columns that have a gap in the C-Myb sequence alignment = alignment[alignment.trace[:,0] != -1] mi = mutual_information_zscore(alignment) # Create the color map for the plot color = colors.to_rgb(biotite.colors["dimorange"]) cmap_val = np.stack( [np.interp(np.linspace(0, 1, 100), [0, 1], [1, color[i]]) for i in range(len(color))] ).transpose() cmap = colors.ListedColormap(cmap_val) # Plot the MI-Z-Score matrix fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8.0, 7.0)) ax = fig.gca() im = ax.pcolormesh(mi, cmap=cmap) cbar = fig.colorbar(im) cbar.set_label("MI-Z-score") ax.set_aspect("equal") ax.set_xlabel("Residue position") ax.set_ylabel("Residue position") ax.set_title("Residue coevolution in C-Myb R1") fig.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /examples/gallery/sequence/images/sphx_glr_residue_coevolution_002.png :alt: Residue coevolution in C-Myb R1 :srcset: /examples/gallery/sequence/images/sphx_glr_residue_coevolution_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none /home/runner/work/biotite/biotite/doc/examples/scripts/sequence/residue_coevolution.py:127: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide z_score = (mi - mean) / std .. _sphx_glr_download_examples_gallery_sequence_residue_coevolution.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: residue_coevolution.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: residue_coevolution.py ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_